Swanson, D. P., Cunningham, M., & Spencer, M. B. (2003). Black Males’ Structural Conditions, Achievement Patterns, Normative Needs, and “Opportunities”. Urban Education, 38(5), 608-633. The relations between normative developmental transitions, contextual influences, and life-stage outcomes such as academic achievement for African American males are examined. The integration of affective and cognitive processes… Continue Reading Black Males’ Structural Conditions, Achievement Patterns, Normative Needs, and “Opportunities”